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 <div class="section" id="module-venv">
<h1>28.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">venv</code></a> — Creation of virtual environments<a class="headerlink" href="#module-venv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.3.
</div>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/venv/">Lib/venv/</a>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">venv</code></a> module provides support for creating lightweight “virtual
environments” with their own site directories, optionally isolated from system
site directories. Each virtual environment has its own Python binary (allowing
creation of environments with various Python versions) and can have its own
independent set of installed Python packages in its site directories.
See <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0405">PEP 405</a> for more information about Python virtual environments.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pyvenv</code> script has been deprecated as of Python 3.6 in favor of using
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">python3 -m venv</code> to help prevent any potential confusion as to which
Python interpreter a virtual environment will be based on.
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-virtual-environments">
<h2>28.3.1. Creating virtual environments<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-virtual-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Creation of <a class="reference internal" href="#venv-def">virtual environments</a> is done by executing the
command <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code>:
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>python3 -m venv /path/to/new/virtual/environment
</pre></div>
</div>
Running this command creates the target directory (creating any parent
directories that don’t exist already) and places a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pyvenv.cfg</code> file in it
with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">home</code> key pointing to the Python installation from which the command
was run. It also creates a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">bin</code> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Scripts</code> on Windows) subdirectory
containing a copy of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">python</code> binary (or binaries, in the case of
Windows). It also creates an (initially empty) <code class="docutils literal notranslate">lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages</code>
subdirectory (on Windows, this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Lib\site-packages</code>). If an existing
directory is specified, it will be re-used.
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 3.6: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pyvenv</code> was the recommended tool for creating virtual environments for
Python 3.3 and 3.4, and is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-features">deprecated in Python 3.6</a>.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.5: The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code> is now recommended for creating virtual environments.
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#creating-virtual-environments">Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments</a>
</div>
On Windows, invoke the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code> command as follows:
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\&gt;c:\Python35\python -m venv c:\path\to\myenv
</pre></div>
</div>
Alternatively, if you configured the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATHEXT</code> variables for
your <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#using-on-windows">Python installation</a>:
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>c:\&gt;python -m venv c:\path\to\myenv
</pre></div>
</div>
The command, if run with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-h</code>, will show the available options:
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>usage: venv [-h] [--system-site-packages] [--symlinks | --copies] [--clear]
 [--upgrade] [--without-pip]
 ENV_DIR [ENV_DIR ...]

Creates virtual Python environments in one or more target directories.

positional arguments:
  ENV_DIR               A directory to create the environment in.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --system-site-packages
                        Give the virtual environment access to the system
                        site-packages dir.
  --symlinks            Try to use symlinks rather than copies, when symlinks
                        are not the default for the platform.
  --copies              Try to use copies rather than symlinks, even when
                        symlinks are the default for the platform.
  --clear               Delete the contents of the environment directory if it
                        already exists, before environment creation.
  --upgrade             Upgrade the environment directory to use this version
                        of Python, assuming Python has been upgraded in-place.
  --without-pip         Skips installing or upgrading pip in the virtual
                        environment (pip is bootstrapped by default)

Once an environment has been created, you may wish to activate it, e.g. by
sourcing an activate script in its bin directory.
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Installs pip by default, added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--without-pip</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--copies</code>
options
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: In earlier versions, if the target directory already existed, an error was
raised, unless the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--clear</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--upgrade</code> option was provided.
</div>
The created <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pyvenv.cfg</code> file also includes the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">include-system-site-packages</code> key, set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">true</code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code> is
run with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--system-site-packages</code> option, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">false</code> otherwise.
Unless the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--without-pip</code> option is given, <a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html#module-ensurepip" title="ensurepip: Bootstrapping the &quot;pip&quot; installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ensurepip</code></a> will be
invoked to bootstrap <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pip</code> into the virtual environment.
Multiple paths can be given to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code>, in which case an identical virtual
environment will be created, according to the given options, at each provided
path.
Once a virtual environment has been created, it can be “activated” using a
script in the virtual environment’s binary directory. The invocation of the
script is platform-specific:
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="18%" />
<col width="24%" />
<col width="58%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Platform</th>
<th class="head">Shell</th>
<th class="head">Command to activate virtual environment</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>Posix</td>
<td>bash/zsh</td>
<td>$ source &lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>&#160;</td>
<td>fish</td>
<td>$ . &lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate.fish</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>&#160;</td>
<td>csh/tcsh</td>
<td>$ source &lt;venv&gt;/bin/activate.csh</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Windows</td>
<td>cmd.exe</td>
<td>C:\&gt; &lt;venv&gt;\Scripts\activate.bat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>&#160;</td>
<td>PowerShell</td>
<td>PS C:\&gt; &lt;venv&gt;\Scripts\Activate.ps1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
You don’t specifically need to activate an environment; activation just
prepends the virtual environment’s binary directory to your path, so that
“python” invokes the virtual environment’s Python interpreter and you can run
installed scripts without having to use their full path. However, all scripts
installed in a virtual environment should be runnable without activating it,
and run with the virtual environment’s Python automatically.
You can deactivate a virtual environment by typing “deactivate” in your shell.
The exact mechanism is platform-specific: for example, the Bash activation
script defines a “deactivate” function, whereas on Windows there are separate
scripts called <code class="docutils literal notranslate">deactivate.bat</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Deactivate.ps1</code> which are installed
when the virtual environment is created.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.4: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fish</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">csh</code> activation scripts.
</div>
<div class="admonition note" id="venv-def">
Note
A virtual environment is a Python environment such that the Python
interpreter, libraries and scripts installed into it are isolated from those
installed in other virtual environments, and (by default) any libraries
installed in a “system” Python, i.e., one which is installed as part of your
operating system.
A virtual environment is a directory tree which contains Python executable
files and other files which indicate that it is a virtual environment.
Common installation tools such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Setuptools</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pip</code> work as
expected with virtual environments. In other words, when a virtual
environment is active, they install Python packages into the virtual
environment without needing to be told to do so explicitly.
When a virtual environment is active (i.e., the virtual environment’s Python
interpreter is running), the attributes <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.prefix" title="sys.prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.prefix</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exec_prefix" title="sys.exec_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.exec_prefix</code></a> point to the base directory of the virtual
environment, whereas <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.base_prefix" title="sys.base_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.base_prefix</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.base_exec_prefix" title="sys.base_exec_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.base_exec_prefix</code></a> point to the non-virtual environment Python
installation which was used to create the virtual environment. If a virtual
environment is not active, then <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.prefix" title="sys.prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.prefix</code></a> is the same as
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.base_prefix" title="sys.base_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.base_prefix</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exec_prefix" title="sys.exec_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.exec_prefix</code></a> is the same as
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.base_exec_prefix" title="sys.base_exec_prefix"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.base_exec_prefix</code></a> (they all point to a non-virtual environment
Python installation).
When a virtual environment is active, any options that change the
installation path will be ignored from all distutils configuration files to
prevent projects being inadvertently installed outside of the virtual
environment.
When working in a command shell, users can make a virtual environment active
by running an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">activate</code> script in the virtual environment’s executables
directory (the precise filename is shell-dependent), which prepends the
virtual environment’s directory for executables to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code> environment
variable for the running shell. There should be no need in other
circumstances to activate a virtual environment—scripts installed into
virtual environments have a “shebang” line which points to the virtual
environment’s Python interpreter. This means that the script will run with
that interpreter regardless of the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code>. On Windows, “shebang”
line processing is supported if you have the Python Launcher for Windows
installed (this was added to Python in 3.3 - see <a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0397">PEP 397</a> for more
details). Thus, double-clicking an installed script in a Windows Explorer
window should run the script with the correct interpreter without there
needing to be any reference to its virtual environment in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PATH</code>.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="api">
<h2>28.3.2. API<a class="headerlink" href="#api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The high-level method described above makes use of a simple API which provides
mechanisms for third-party virtual environment creators to customize environment
creation according to their needs, the <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="venv.EnvBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a> class.
<dl class="class">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder">
class <code class="descclassname">venv.</code><code class="descname">EnvBuilder</code>(system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="venv.EnvBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a> class accepts the following keyword arguments on
instantiation:
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">system_site_packages</code> – a Boolean value indicating that the system Python
site-packages should be available to the environment (defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>).</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">clear</code> – a Boolean value which, if true, will delete the contents of
any existing target directory, before creating the environment.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">symlinks</code> – a Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to symlink the
Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other binaries,
e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pythonw.exe</code>), rather than copying.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">upgrade</code> – a Boolean value which, if true, will upgrade an existing
environment with the running Python - for use when that Python has been
upgraded in-place (defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code>).</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">with_pip</code> – a Boolean value which, if true, ensures pip is
installed in the virtual environment. This uses <a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html#module-ensurepip" title="ensurepip: Bootstrapping the &quot;pip&quot; installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ensurepip</code></a> with
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--default-pip</code> option.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">prompt</code> – a String to be used after virtual environment is activated
(defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> which means directory name of the environment would
be used).</li>
</ul>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">with_pip</code> parameter
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 3.6: Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">prompt</code> parameter
</div>
Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to use the
provided <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code> class as a base class.
The returned env-builder is an object which has a method, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">create</code>:
<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.create">
<code class="descname">create</code>(env_dir)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.create" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method takes as required argument the path (absolute or relative to
the current directory) of the target directory which is to contain the
virtual environment. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">create</code> method will either create the
environment in the specified directory, or raise an appropriate
exception.
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">create</code> method of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code> class illustrates the hooks
available for subclass customization:
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def create(self, env_dir):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory.
 env_dir is the target directory to create an environment in.
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir)
 context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir)
 self.create_configuration(context)
 self.setup_python(context)
 self.setup_scripts(context)
 self.post_setup(context)
</pre></div>
</div>
Each of the methods <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.ensure_directories" title="venv.EnvBuilder.ensure_directories"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">ensure_directories()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.create_configuration" title="venv.EnvBuilder.create_configuration"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">create_configuration()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.setup_python" title="venv.EnvBuilder.setup_python"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">setup_python()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts" title="venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">setup_scripts()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup" title="venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">post_setup()</code></a> can be overridden.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.ensure_directories">
<code class="descname">ensure_directories</code>(env_dir)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.ensure_directories" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates the environment directory and all necessary directories, and
returns a context object. This is just a holder for attributes (such as
paths), for use by the other methods. The directories are allowed to
exist already, as long as either <code class="docutils literal notranslate">clear</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">upgrade</code> were
specified to allow operating on an existing environment directory.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.create_configuration">
<code class="descname">create_configuration</code>(context)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.create_configuration" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pyvenv.cfg</code> configuration file in the environment.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.setup_python">
<code class="descname">setup_python</code>(context)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.setup_python" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows, DLLs) in
the environment. On a POSIX system, if a specific executable
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">python3.x</code> was used, symlinks to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">python</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">python3</code> will be
created pointing to that executable, unless files with those names
already exist.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts">
<code class="descname">setup_scripts</code>(context)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Installs activation scripts appropriate to the platform into the virtual
environment.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup">
<code class="descname">post_setup</code>(context)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A placeholder method which can be overridden in third party
implementations to pre-install packages in the virtual environment or
perform other post-creation steps.
</dd></dl>

In addition, <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="venv.EnvBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a> provides this utility method that can be
called from <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts" title="venv.EnvBuilder.setup_scripts"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">setup_scripts()</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup" title="venv.EnvBuilder.post_setup"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">post_setup()</code></a> in subclasses to
assist in installing custom scripts into the virtual environment.
<dl class="method">
<dt id="venv.EnvBuilder.install_scripts">
<code class="descname">install_scripts</code>(context, path)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.install_scripts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>path is the path to a directory that should contain subdirectories
“common”, “posix”, “nt”, each containing scripts destined for the bin
directory in the environment. The contents of “common” and the
directory corresponding to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.name" title="os.name"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">os.name</code></a> are copied after some text
replacement of placeholders:
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__VENV_DIR__</code> is replaced with the absolute path of the environment
directory.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__VENV_NAME__</code> is replaced with the environment name (final path
segment of environment directory).</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__VENV_PROMPT__</code> is replaced with the prompt (the environment
name surrounded by parentheses and with a following space)</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__VENV_BIN_NAME__</code> is replaced with the name of the bin directory
(either <code class="docutils literal notranslate">bin</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Scripts</code>).</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__VENV_PYTHON__</code> is replaced with the absolute path of the
environment’s executable.</li>
</ul>
The directories are allowed to exist (for when an existing environment
is being upgraded).
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

There is also a module-level convenience function:
<dl class="function">
<dt id="venv.create">
<code class="descclassname">venv.</code><code class="descname">create</code>(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, with_pip=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#venv.create" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create an <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="venv.EnvBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a> with the given keyword arguments, and call its
<a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder.create" title="venv.EnvBuilder.create"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">create()</code></a> method with the env_dir argument.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 3.4: Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">with_pip</code> parameter
</div>
</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="an-example-of-extending-envbuilder">
<h2>28.3.3. An example of extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code><a class="headerlink" href="#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The following script shows how to extend <a class="reference internal" href="#venv.EnvBuilder" title="venv.EnvBuilder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a> by implementing a
subclass which installs setuptools and pip into a created virtual environment:
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import os
import os.path
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import sys
from threading import Thread
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from urllib.request import urlretrieve
import venv

class ExtendedEnvBuilder(venv.EnvBuilder):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 This builder installs setuptools and pip so that you can pip or
 easy_install other packages into the created virtual environment.

:param nodist: If True, setuptools and pip are not installed into the
 created virtual environment.
 :param nopip: If True, pip is not installed into the created
 virtual environment.
 :param progress: If setuptools or pip are installed, the progress of the
 installation can be monitored by passing a progress
 callable. If specified, it is called with two
 arguments: a string indicating some progress, and a
 context indicating where the string is coming from.
 The context argument can have one of three values:
 &#39;main&#39;, indicating that it is called from virtualize()
 itself, and &#39;stdout&#39; and &#39;stderr&#39;, which are obtained
 by reading lines from the output streams of a subprocess
 which is used to install the app.

If a callable is not specified, default progress
 information is output to sys.stderr.
 &quot;&quot;&quot;

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 self.nodist = kwargs.pop(&#39;nodist&#39;, False)
 self.nopip = kwargs.pop(&#39;nopip&#39;, False)
 self.progress = kwargs.pop(&#39;progress&#39;, None)
 self.verbose = kwargs.pop(&#39;verbose&#39;, False)
 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

def post_setup(self, context):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 Set up any packages which need to be pre-installed into the
 virtual environment being created.

def reader(self, stream, context):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 Read lines from a subprocess&#39; output stream and either pass to a progress
 callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 progress = self.progress
 while True:
 s = stream.readline()
 if not s:
 break
 if progress is not None:
 progress(s, context)
 else:
 if not self.verbose:
 sys.stderr.write(&#39;.&#39;)
 else:
 sys.stderr.write(s.decode(&#39;utf-8&#39;))
 sys.stderr.flush()
 stream.close()

def install_script(self, context, name, url):
 _, _, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
 fn = os.path.split(path)[-1]
 binpath = context.bin_path
 distpath = os.path.join(binpath, fn)
 # Download script into the virtual environment&#39;s binaries folder
 urlretrieve(url, distpath)
 progress = self.progress
 if self.verbose:
 term = &#39;\n&#39;
 else:
 term = &#39;&#39;
 if progress is not None:
 progress(&#39;Installing %s ...%s&#39; % (name, term), &#39;main&#39;)
 else:
 sys.stderr.write(&#39;Installing %s ...%s&#39; % (name, term))
 sys.stderr.flush()
 # Install in the virtual environment
 args = [context.env_exe, fn]
 p = Popen(args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, cwd=binpath)
 t1 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, &#39;stdout&#39;))
 t1.start()
 t2 = Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, &#39;stderr&#39;))
 t2.start()
 p.wait()
 t1.join()
 t2.join()
 if progress is not None:
 progress(&#39;done.&#39;, &#39;main&#39;)
 else:
 sys.stderr.write(&#39;done.\n&#39;)
 # Clean up - no longer needed
 os.unlink(distpath)

def install_setuptools(self, context):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 Install setuptools in the virtual environment.

:param context: The information for the virtual environment
 creation request being processed.
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 url = &#39;https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/downloads/ez_setup.py&#39;
 self.install_script(context, &#39;setuptools&#39;, url)
 # clear up the setuptools archive which gets downloaded
 pred = lambda o: o.startswith(&#39;setuptools-&#39;) and o.endswith(&#39;.tar.gz&#39;)
 files = filter(pred, os.listdir(context.bin_path))
 for f in files:
 f = os.path.join(context.bin_path, f)
 os.unlink(f)

def install_pip(self, context):
 &quot;&quot;&quot;
 Install pip in the virtual environment.

def main(args=None):
 compatible = True
 if sys.version_info &lt; (3, 3):
 compatible = False
 elif not hasattr(sys, &#39;base_prefix&#39;):
 compatible = False
 if not compatible:
 raise ValueError(&#39;This script is only for use with &#39;
 &#39;Python 3.3 or later&#39;)
 else:
 import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__,
 description=&#39;Creates virtual Python &#39;
 &#39;environments in one or &#39;
 &#39;more target &#39;
 &#39;directories.&#39;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;dirs&#39;, metavar=&#39;ENV_DIR&#39;, nargs=&#39;+&#39;,
 help=&#39;A directory in which to create the
 &#39;virtual environment.&#39;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--no-setuptools&#39;, default=False,
 action=&#39;store_true&#39;, dest=&#39;nodist&#39;,
 help=&quot;Don&#39;t install setuptools or pip in the &quot;
 &quot;virtual environment.&quot;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--no-pip&#39;, default=False,
 action=&#39;store_true&#39;, dest=&#39;nopip&#39;,
 help=&quot;Don&#39;t install pip in the virtual &quot;
 &quot;environment.&quot;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--system-site-packages&#39;, default=False,
 action=&#39;store_true&#39;, dest=&#39;system_site&#39;,
 help=&#39;Give the virtual environment access to the &#39;
 &#39;system site-packages dir.&#39;)
 if os.name == &#39;nt&#39;:
 use_symlinks = False
 else:
 use_symlinks = True
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--symlinks&#39;, default=use_symlinks,
 action=&#39;store_true&#39;, dest=&#39;symlinks&#39;,
 help=&#39;Try to use symlinks rather than copies, &#39;
 &#39;when symlinks are not the default for &#39;
 &#39;the platform.&#39;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--clear&#39;, default=False, action=&#39;store_true&#39;,
 dest=&#39;clear&#39;, help=&#39;Delete the contents of the &#39;
 &#39;virtual environment &#39;
 &#39;directory if it already &#39;
 &#39;exists, before virtual &#39;
 &#39;environment creation.&#39;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--upgrade&#39;, default=False, action=&#39;store_true&#39;,
 dest=&#39;upgrade&#39;, help=&#39;Upgrade the virtual &#39;
 &#39;environment directory to &#39;
 &#39;use this version of &#39;
 &#39;Python, assuming Python &#39;
 &#39;has been upgraded &#39;
 &#39;in-place.&#39;)
 parser.add_argument(&#39;--verbose&#39;, default=False, action=&#39;store_true&#39;,
 dest=&#39;verbose&#39;, help=&#39;Display the output &#39;
 &#39;from the scripts which &#39;
 &#39;install setuptools and pip.&#39;)
 options = parser.parse_args(args)
 if options.upgrade and options.clear:
 raise ValueError(&#39;you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.&#39;)
 builder = ExtendedEnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site,
 clear=options.clear,
 symlinks=options.symlinks,
 upgrade=options.upgrade,
 nodist=options.nodist,
 nopip=options.nopip,
 verbose=options.verbose)
 for d in options.dirs:
 builder.create(d)

if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
 rc = 1
 try:
 main()
 rc = 0
 except Exception as e:
 print(&#39;Error: %s&#39; % e, file=sys.stderr)
 sys.exit(rc)
</pre></div>
</div>
This script is also available for download <a class="reference external" href="https://gist.github.com/4673395">online</a>.
</div>
</div>

</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">28.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">venv</code> — Creation of virtual environments</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#api">28.3.2. API</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder">28.3.3. An example of extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EnvBuilder</code></a></li>
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